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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This report evaluates the potential impact of USDA Forest Service wood utilization and wood energy research on rural employment and income. Recent projections suggest employment will decrease in many forest products industries, such as softwood sawmilling but will eventually increase in softwood plywood and reconstituted panel mills. Forest products industries expected to provide wages exceeding the average manufacturing production wage include logging, softwood sawmills, millwork, softwood plywood-veneer, structural wood members, particleboard, wood partitions, pulp mills, paper mills, and paperboard mills. Industries expected to pay 90 percent of the average manufacturing production wage include wood kitchen cabinets, mobile homes, prefabricated wood buildings, and wood preservatives. Projected employment increases are virtually all in timber-oriented industries or industries oriented to both timber and end-use markets. Location of forest products mills in rural areas will be influenced by the need to minimize transportation costs. Research on design and performance of wood structures may lead to the greatest increase in employment by 2020. Research on pulp, paper, and paper-board recycling may also increase employment as less paper is imported and more paper with recycled paper content is produced in the United States. Research could lead to wood energy cost savings. If these cost savings were the same as a 3- to 5-percent increase in fossil fuel prices nationwide by 2010, this would produce a net increase of about 5,200 jobs/year and $87 million/year in net income nationwide. These potential job and income changes related to wood energy use include direct job gains in wood burning operations, indirect job gains in the consumer sector, and indirect job losses in fossil fuel supply and end use. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This issue of Rural Conditions and Trends (RCaT) provides the annual review of current conditions in the Nation's rural areas that reflect the socioeconomic well-being of rural communities and the people who live there. It also examines the nature and direction of rural trends in the 1990's and their prospects for continuation during the remainder of the decade. Rural Conditions and Trends last reported on socioeconomic conditions and trends in rural America in its Spring 1995 issue based on indicators for circa 1990-93 (Vol.6, No. 1). The analysis presented in that issue cautiously pointed to a possible revitalization of rural areas following a decade of widespread economic stress and population decline. Based on the most recent indicators available, this issue shows that rural areas are experiencing widespread population growth and improved economic performance during the first half of the 1990's, providing further credence to the argument that rural America as a whole is undergoing an economic and population revival (table 1). Yet, even in the face of a possible rural revival, the levels of income and earnings from nonfarm jobs in rural areas continue to lag those in urban areas. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This issue of Rural Conditions and Trends describes Federal program and policy changes and their significance for rural areas. Our focus is on programs traditionally associated with rural development, such as assistance for infrastructure, businesses, and housing. However, we also look at many other programs of importance to rural communities and economies, like the environment and natural resources, agriculture, defense, social security, health, and education and training programs. We also discuss major tax and regulatory changes. The result is a fairly comprehensive review of how changes in Federal Government activities play out over the rural landscape. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Just as maps are designed to give you an overview of terrain and routes between one place and another, this Workbook is designed to help you get your bearings on the road to economic renewal. You decide the course, but completing the workshops described here will put vital information about local business conditions into your hands. The economic renewal process brings the entire community into the discussion of local small business opportunities. Therefore, projects that workshop participants finally choose are based on local knowledge and understanding of the community's unique characteristics and opportunities.The Workbook and its partner, the Business Opportunities Casebook, were written for community leaders, business owners, volunteers, and other concerned citizens. It can also be used by economic development professionals and government staff who understand that their work will be more effective if they involve local people in their search for the best ways to improve business conditions. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The Business Opportunities Casebook presents example of communities that improved their local economies by using local skills and resources more effectively to support and expand existing businesses and encourage the development of new business. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Portfolio is intended for use by community and technical college administrators at state and local levels and by local community leaders and economic development organizations. Section 1 profiles 20 local community college initiatives in rural economic development. The profiles provide a wide range of alternative models for effective programs which go beyond traditional job training efforts. Each profile describes the genesis of the program; recruitment, delivery, and staffing for the program; participants; funding sources; linkages with traditional economic development organizations; a local contact person; and available materials. Extensive use is made of quotes by local college administrators to highlight key points for others to consider in establishing similar programs. A second section summarizes state programs that are community college-based and that have implications for rural economic development. The state sununaries are predominantly job training programs to enable community colleges to provide customized job training, but in a few instances there are key innovations that encourage use of these institutions as statewide economic development tools and technology transfer vehicles. There were few programs found that were actually targeted to rural areas. Portfolio also contains an executive summary with conclusions drawn from the research. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Last year, MRI completed a unique rural development project for the USDA Forest Service on income opportunities in special forest products. This study of microenterprise opportunities in nontraditional forest products resulted in a 16-chapter notebook publication entitled Seeing the Forest Instead of the Trees. This research was the first opportunity I had been given to consider the management and conservation of a key natural resource asset as well as its potential income value for rural residents. This dual pathway-resource protection and conservation in conjunction with resource utilization-is a key concept in the sustainable development movement. The paper that follows seeks to place special forest product microenterprises within the context of emerging sustainable development strategies. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector of agriculture in the United States today. In the United States, aquaculture accounted for less than 1 percent of the edible fish consumed in 1970. In 1987 this had risen to 7 percent--an annualized growth rate of approximately 15 percent. Table 1 shows the astounding growth in the U.S. aquaculture production from 1980 to 1988. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This report presents twelve case studies on collaborative planning located in all regions of the nation, with one-half from the Northwest. In all cases the process of collaboration was directed towards diversifying local economies that historically have been dependent on resource production, particularly timber. Most communities simultaneously directed efforts at improving the quality of community life as well as the number of jobs. This report also includes ecosystem considerations. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This plan communicates a revised FS policy on rural development to all employees. It includes goals and strategies that support the USDA rural development mission, and strengthens our contribution through partnerships and a unified FS approach. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | As you read this case study, you will discover that Winrock’s Arkansas Rural Enterprise Center is achieving its broadest goals - retaining and creating jobs in rural communities of Arkansas. Our success stems from promoting relationships that transcend community boundaries, linking manufacturers in timber-dependent counties to the world; manufacturer to buyer, rural to urban, family-owned firms to corporate giants. It is through these linkages that technology is transferred from one to the other, markets are developed, sales consummated, and timber-dependent economies strengthened and diversified. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | In this issue: Oaks and Other Favorites - Emesta D. Ballard; Choosing Trees for Your Landscape - Victoria Steiger Olin; Some Trees for Small Gardens - Julie Morris; Roots ; What Happens Underground. How to Protect Your Tree's Roots - Joanne Miller; Pruning: The Miracle of Order - Hal Rosner; The Arborist: Your Tree's Best Friend. When and how to hire an arborist - Kathken A. Mills; Common Tree - Lisa Blum; Tender Loving Street Trees - Patricia Schrieber; Trash for Trees - Libby J. Goldstein; People Make a Difference - Anne S. Cunningham; What Center City and Center City Residents Association Learned From Street Tree Inventory - Kathtyn Newland; Tour the Champion of Southern Chester County - Scott F. Woodbury; Classified Advertising; | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | A Seed in Time 97 The Second UK/International Conference on Urban Forestry held between the 18th to 20th June 1991 at the Dudley Campus of Wolverhampton Polytechnic, West Midlands, England attracted over 200 participants from some eight different countries. The main aim of the conference was to explore the best means of actually achieving an urban forestry programme and I believe that the papers presented herein, which represent both a wide range of urban forestry practice and learning, meet that stated aim. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | As Presidents of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association and the Pennsylvania Urban and Community Forestry Council we are pleased to bring to members and friends of both organizations this special issue of Pennsylvania Forests. It is dedicated entirely to urban and community forestry, the forest where most of us live, work, and play. Both rural and urban forests grace our daily lives with countless benefits that many of us have come to take for granted. Since many of our readers are unfamiliar with the specifics of urban and community forestry, we thought it worthwhile to publish a special issue which would provide information on the subject. As you read the articles in this issue you will note that there are similarities and differences in both forests. Both provide environmental amenities, a home for wildlife and many other benefits. Both provide economic benefits in their own ways. The principal difference is in the way both forests are managed. In urban settings individual trees have significantly higher monetary value than their rural counterparts. They cost more to plant, more to maintain and usually have a shorter life span. They contribute to our enjoyment of life in different ways than trees in the rural forest. Both types of forests are important to our survival and we need to work together to assure their well-being. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | More than 75 percent of all people in the United States live in towns and cities97and in urban forests. These forests consist of the community trees and plants, street and yard trees, shrubs, landscaping in commercial-industrial areas, parks, and other urban greenery. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | FEATURES: Bad Dirt: What you can't see can hurt - by Lynn MacDonald New York City's Urban Wilderness - by Marianne O'Hea Anderson and Susan M. Sisinni Breaking Ground: A Checklist for Smart Shopping - by Deborah Gangloff and Chris Horne Champion Trees: Wild West Witness - by Emily Knack | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Recognizing the significant environmental and economic benefits of an urban forest, Sarasota County created the Street Tree Program in 1988 in an effort to plant the medians and side strips of our streets and recreate the beauty of shaded thoroughfares. The Street Tree Program, however, is not concerned with just the planting of street trees. A major objective is to provide the management necessary to keep the urban forest healthy and attractive through careful maintenance after planting. The planting itself may also extend beyond trees to other vegetation in order to create a more complete landscape plan. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | In September 1986 Midwest Research Institute (MRI) undertook developmment of this guidebook for the U.S. Economic Development Administration (EDA) to highlight the diversity of economic development efforts that are beginning to succeed in small towns and rural areas across the country. The work on this guidebook was partly an outgrowth of earlier research. In 1986 MRI completed "A Rural Econimic Development Source Book", which recommended training and technical assistance materials appropriate for rural economic development efforts. A second publication, "A Resource File of Technical Assistance Providers", was completed in 1987. The "Source Book" was funded by EDA; the "Resource File" was published by MRI to reflect the contacts made as a result of the earlier publication. It was during the preparation of these two earlier publications that MRI researchers became aware of the need to compile the success stories that are reflected in this guidebook. EDA concurred, and the result is this third publication. As was the case for the earlier two publications, MRI intends that this guidebook be disseminated and used by public officials, community leaders, and rural development practitioners who are working to strengthen the economies of small towns and rural areas throughout the United States. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Almost all Florida towns and cities are blessed with trees in parks, on public grounds and along streets. The question is how can YOUR community take better care of its "urban forest" at a reasonable cost? Many of Florida's larger cities have a forestry department to handle tree management activities -planting, tree trimming, maintenance and tree removal. These cities recognize that urban tree management URBAN FORESTRY - is important. Our smaller, more rural communities recognize tree values, too, but few have an on-going forestry program. Smaller communities are usually technically and financially unable to do the level of tree management work they would like to do. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The overall purpose of this plan is to build new relationships while strengthening existing ones in conducting Outreach for the delivery of USDA Foest Service programs and services. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | FEATURES: Tomorrow's Urban Forestry Today - by Doyle S. Rice Champion Trees: Little Big Tree - by Eva Counsell | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | FEATURES: Saving a Special Tree - by Cass Turnbull Go Native or Exotic - by Lynn MacDonald EdWatch: City Kids Go Green - by Tricia Taylor Raise-ing Young Arborists - by Jonathan Cook Urban Forestry Medals: Leading By Example - by Jack Petit | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Tres strategically planted in a specific place to address a particular need- that's what "working trees" are all about! Working Trees have a job too. For decades they have been planted in rural, agricultural areas to protect resources and enhance human environments. In the past, trees were planted in communities primarily to add beauty and provide shade. Community residents, however, have the same responsibility and opportunities as those who live in rural areas, when it comes to protecting our natural resources. Since urban areas are a major contributor to nonpoint source pollution, the time has come to apply proven rural agroforestry technologies in and around communities to improve and protect our urban resources. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | FEATURES: The Wonder of the Woods - by Marcia Henninng Making Room for Wildlife - by Lynn MacDonald How Science Changes the Urban Forest - by Michael W. Hopps the American Elm Rises Again? - by Lisa Cieslewicz Champion Trees: A Highbrow Landscape - by Emily Knack | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This bulletin describes woodcock habits, habitat needs, and habitat improvements that can help landowners increase woodcock numbers. This bulletin is aimed primarily at the Carolinas, Georgia, and northern Florida. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Habitat management alternatives discussed in this note will benefit game species such as ring-necked pheasant, bobwhite and scaled quail, mourning dove, lesser prairie chicken, wild turkey, pronghorn antelope, white-tailed deer, mule deer, ducks and geese Nongame wildlife, such as grassland songbirds, will also benefit from these practices | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This document can be used with your local economic development officials, elected officials, county forestry associations, or any clientele interested in economic development of natural resources. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This book was written in response to the growing number of Georgians who have a real interest in discovering how to attract wildlife to their yards. Over the past few years there has been a surge of requests for information on how and what to plant to attract wildlife. People are asking for nesting box plans, wildflower garden information and ideas on other techniques to develop backyard habitats. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Contents: Biosphere Books Events Natural History: Flying Squirrel Readers' Forum Look Beyond Your Window... Pumping Up Trouble - by Scott Keepfer Wild Side of The Grand Strand - by Glenn Morris Finding the Right Resort - by Jim Mize Packing Light - by Bart Stidham A Union for Stewardship "Eat More Possum!" And Other Healthy Advice - by Dannis Chastain Field Trip: Lower Whitewater Falls Roundtable | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The projects profiled in this report were among many selected to receive FY92 economic recovery grants by the US Forest Service. The communities were located in Oregon, Washington, Montana, and Idaho. The federal share of the projects ranged from $7,500 to $100,000; most were $30,000 or less. Most were completed during 1993, but some required time extensions. Project profiles were prepared in order to give community leaders in small, rural, timber-dependent towns ideas, encouragement, and an "insider perspective" on 19 initiatives that were selected by other communities as "must do" projects to begin economic recovery and stabilization. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Publication #FS-607 In revisiting "A Strategic Plan for the 90s: Working Together for Rural America," we look at the progress made since the USDA Forest Service produced its original strategy for rural community developmment in 1990. We also look ahead to the challenges still facing the Forest Service as it works toward achieving its long-term outcomes of healthy ecosystems, vital communities, and effective organization. The original strategic plan remains intact in substance and intent and continues to guide our actions. "Taking the pulse" to see how the strategic plan has been implemented is one way in which the agency can fulfill its responsibility to monitor and evaulate its investment in working together with rural America. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The UT Agricultural Extension Service identified Natural Resources as a program priority for the 1990s. A Natural Resources Priority Team, organized in 1994, provides statewide leadership focusing on land-owner and youth education. The landowner program emphasizes Best Management Practices (BMPs) for managing timber. The youth program has developed outdoor classrooms. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | USDA Publication #FPL-RP-569 A density-dependent matrix growth model of uneven-aged loblolly pine stands was developed with data from 991 permanent plots in the southern United Sttaes. The model predicts the number of pine, soft hardwood, and hard hardwood trees in 13 diameter classes, based on equations for ingrowth, upgrowth, and mortality. Projections of 6 to 10 years agreed with the grwoth of stands between the last two inventories. In 300-year simulations of undisturbed growth, softwood species were replaced by hardwoods, in accord with previous knowledge. Soft hardwood species became dominant on good sites and hard hardwoods on poor sites. Basal area oscillated over time, converging slowly towards a steady state. Changes in tree size diversity were correlated positively with basal area. Without disturbance, species diversity would decrease. For economic analysis, equations were developed to predict total tree height, sawlog length and volume, pulpwood volume, and volume of top sawtimber, as functions of tree diamter and stand basal area. Simulations of three cutting regimes showed that management would lead to a steady state faster than would natural growth. Management aimed at maintaining the current average distribution would result in size and species diversity similar to that of an unmanaged stand. From a financial point of view, the q-factor guide and a 13-in (330-mm)-diameter limit cut would be superior to the average current management regime. The diameter-limit regime would have the greatest effect on lowering tree size diversity and an effect on species diversity similar to that of the q-factor guide. A computer program, SOUTHPRO, was developed to simulate the effects of other management alternatives. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Loss of a single species from its ecosystem affects others that rely on it. The disappearance of one plant species may affect an entire food chain, starting with insects that live or feed on the plant, moving on to the birds and frogs that eat the insects, and ending with the larger animals like snakes, hawks, and foxes that prey on the birds and frogs. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The eastern wild turkey is the most widely distributed, abundant, and hunt turkey subspecies of the 5 distinct subspecies found in the United States. It inhabits roughly the eastern half of the country. The eastern wild turkey is found in the hardwood and mixed forests from New England and southern Canada to northern Florida and west to Texas, Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota. It has also been successfully transplanted in California, Oregon, and Washington, states outside its suspected original range. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The Florida wild turkey, also referred to as the Osceola, is found only on the peninsula of Florida. This particular subspecies was first described in 1890 by W.E.D. Scott who named it for the famous Seminole Chief, Osceola, who led his tribe against the Americans in a 20-year war beginning in 1835. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The Rio Grande wild turkey is native to the central plains states and got its common name from the area in which it is found – the life giving water supply which borders the brushy scrub, arid country of the southern Great Plains, western Texas, and northeastern Mexico. This subspecies was first described by George B. Sennett in 1879 who said it was intermediate in appearance between the eastern and western subspecies, hence its scientific name. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The Merriam’s wild turkey is found primarily in the ponderosa pine, western mountain regions of the United States. It was named by Dr. E.W. Nelson in 1900 in honor of C. Hart Merriam, first chief of the U.S. Biological Survey. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The fifth recognized, but least known, wild turkey subspecies is the Gould’s found in portions of Arizona and New Mexico as well as northern Mexico. It was first described by J. Gould in 1856 during his travels in Mexico. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | There are only 2 species of turkey in the world; the North American wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), divided into 5 distinct subspecies, and the ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata). The ocellated turkey is known by several different names that vary by Central American locale: pavo, pavo ocelado, or its Mayan Indian name, ucutz il chican. Very little research has been done on the ocellated and less is known about the ecology of this turkey than any of the 5 subspecies of North American wild turkeys, including the Gould’s (Meleagris gallopavo mexicana). The National Wild Turkey Federation, in partnership with the Wildlife Conservation Society and Hornocker Wildlife Institute, helped sponsor the first research project to trap and place radio transmitters on ocellated turkeys in Guatemala in 1993. Much of the information provided in this bulletin is a result of this NWTF-sponsored study. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Chufa is one of the most popular crops planted for wild turkeys. Turkeys will readily come to a chufa patch and continue using it for several months. If you want to attract and keep turkeys on your land, chufa should be a part of your habitat management plan. Chufa, Cyperus esculentus var. sativus, is an African variety of the native nutsedge, which is a warm season perennial plant. Native nutsedge can be a problem weed in some areas. Chufa is not aggressive like the native nutsedges and will not create problems when other crops are planted after it. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Turkey, deer and squirrel hunters know that where they find abundant acorns in the fall is usually where they will also find the game they are pursuing. Acorns are probably the single most important food item in the diet of these three species as they prepare for a winter period of leaner times. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Legumes are a group of plants that are members of the Fabaceae plant family. Most legumes produce an abundance of high quality forage that is readily used by many species of wildlife. Turkeys utilize legumes by feeding on the leaves and flower heads, and insects and other invertebrates that live on the plants. Clovers are the most common legumes planted for wildlife purposes. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Tree shelters are a tool that has become available to landowners and managers recently to enhance seedling growth and survival. Tree shelters are long, tubular devices made of polyethylene or polypropylene, that are placed around seedlings for the first three to five years after planting. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Bareroot seedlings are seedlings grown in a nursery bed, lifted after one or two growing seasons and shipped and planted without any soil around the roots. This is in contrast to seedlings that are potted in soil or balled with burlap. The roots of bareroot seedlings are usually packed with some type of medium to keep them moist during shipping and until planting. This medium may be shredded newspapers, sphagnum moss or sawdust. The roots may also be dipped in a gel medium that clings to the roots and keeps them moist. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Wild turkeys can be characterized as opportunistic feeders, meaning that they will eat a diversity of plant and animal species based on what is available during a particular time of year in the locale where they are living. Depending on the abundance or lack of a given food source, like acorns, turkeys may feed on alternative foods. Many wild turkey food habits studies have been conducted across the country. One study in Virginia illustrates the turkey's feeding habits. From examination of crops and gizzards from 537 turkeys in November and December, researchers found that turkeys had used 354 species of plants and 313 species of invertebrates. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Mention surface mining to turkey hunters and many immediately fear the worst: no more food for game; my favorite ridge is gone; the turkeys will surely leave the country. True, in the years before the industry was regulated, many acres were left barren after the coal or other minerals were extracted. But today, mining operations are subject to strict guidelines and procedures, especially where land reclamation is concerned. With current mining technology and equipment, large amounts of land can be transformed, seemingly overnight. Wildlife managers are working cooperatively with the mining industry to develop new and productive habitats on these mined lands. Often, wildlife habitat development is more economical than standard reclamation methods and can significantly increase the value of the area to wildlife, especially wild turkeys. Once established, these reclaimed sites require little or no maintenance. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The wild turkey, native to the North American continent, was the largest groundnesting bird found by the first European immigrants. But the abundant numbers of wild turkey written about in early historical accounts declined with colonization until its continued existence was questionable. It wasn't until the 1960s that the restoration of the wild turkey was heralded as a wildlife management comeback marvel. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Developing forestry practices that could potentially benefit all wildlife on the same area is difficult, if not sometimes impossible. The purpose of this bulletin is to outline options landowners have to diversify their timber harvest areas, thereby optimizing habitat for many wildlife species. Economic returns and regeneration will be briefly mentioned, but this bulletin will focus on including wildlife considerations as a part of a timber harvesting operation. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | In the scheme of nature, relationships revolve around one animal eating another animal. It's eat or be eaten. This food web begins with microscopic plants, extends through various levels of animals, depending on the ecosystem, and results in a series of predatorprey relationships. A predator lives by killing and eating other species which are called prey. Wild turkeys eat insects and other small animals, so they are predators, in a sense, but they become the prey of other birds, reptiles or mammals. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Streamside zones, or riparian zones, are strips of mature hardwood or conifer trees that grow on moist sites along permanent or intermittent streams. Streamside zones help protect water quality by filtering soil sediments and pollutants before they enter the streams and help protect stream water from temperature extremes by shading streams. Streamside zones are usually scenic sites and provide aesthetic values in rangeland and in recently harvested areas. These mature stands may be the only older habitat over broad areas. They may be used by wildlife as travel corridors or may serve as genetic corridors, possibly linking potentially isolated small populations of particular species. Streamside zones or riparian areas of mature trees are often critical habitat for wild turkeys and a wide variety of other wildlife species. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Measurements and photographs of spurs, beards, wings, and tails of various ages. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The theme of the 2nd Regional Longleaf Pine Conference was "Longleaf Pine: A Forward Look." This "forward look" theme was based on our desire to highlight the numerous programs and to acknowledge the rapidly rising interest in Longleaf Pine Management and Restoration taking place across the Southeastern Region. A new spirit of "hope and optimism" is beginning to replace the "doom and gloom" atmosphere that has often surfaced in previous longleaf pine conferences. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | u are probably familiar with the term rights-of-way (ROW), you have seen them wherever you travel. They are very important to our society. Power lines and buried pipe lines carry the energy (electricity, natural gas, etc.) to "run" our factories, businesses and homes. You could begin walking on a gas line ROW in south Texas and windup in New York, Ohio, etc. There are millions of miles and millions of acres in ROWs across the nation. These linear strips of habitat offer an opportunity for wildlife managers and sportsmen. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Springs and seeps provide open, snow free areas during the winter months which are used by wildlife as feeding sites. They occur where ground water flows to the soil surface. Springs flow from a clearly defined opening, and seeps form a saturated area where water percolates slowly through the soil. Small springs and seeps are so similar that both are usually called spring seeps. Water flowing from spring seeps is true ground water and not surface runoff, so the water temperature remains relatively constant year round. In the mid-Atlantic states, ground water temperatures range from 50 to 60 degrees F; temperatures are slightly cooler in New England and warmer in the South. Most spring seeps are true wetlands because they flow all year and form channels that connect with larger stream systems. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This volume represents summary papers and poster presentations given at The Longleaf Alliance Conference that was held on September 17-19, 1996 at that Adam's Mark Hotel in Mobile, Alabama. The theme of this conference was "Longleaf Pine: A Regional Perspective and Opportunities." The conference consisted of general sessions and panel discussions with invited speakers, poster sessions with volunteer papers, and a field trip consisting of a walking tour through a longleaf forest. Some 250 registrants representing 10 states and Washington, DC were in attendance. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Wild turkey populations in North America have increased continuously during the past 40 years due to restoration programs, improved habitat conditions and better protection through hunting regulations. Populations have increased about onehalf million birds in the past 5 years and are estimated at 4.2 million. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Wild turkey populations have increased about one-half million birds in the past 5 years and are estimated at 4.2 million. However, the most significant change since 1989 has been a 46% expansion of range occupied by birds due to active state trap and transfer programs. The number of turkey hunters also increased 20% to more than 2.1 million that harvest over 650,000 birds annually. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Roads, roads and more roads, everywhere you travel, there is another road. Man's love affair with vehicles and his dependence n transportation via roads has resulted in a high density of roads. We are a very mobile people, and we need a car, van, truck, and 4-wheeler. Roads are people things. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | USDA Handbook #654 "Silvics of North America" describes the silvical characteristics of about 200 conifers and hardwood trees in the conterminous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Individual articles were researched and written by knowledgeable Forest Service, university, and cooperating scientists. They were reviewed by their counterparts in research and academia. The project took 10 years to complete. The revised manual retains all of the essential material from the original publication, plus new information accumulated over the past quarter of a century. It promises to serve as a useful reference and teaching tool for researchers, educators, and practicing foresters both within the United States and abroad. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Avian pox is an infectious, contagious viral disease than may infect virtually any order of birds, either wild or domestic, including wild And domestic turkeys. Avian pox viruses belong to the genus Avipoxvirus and include numerous strains. The virus strains vary in virulence and the species of hosts that they infect. In much of the earlier literature the term "fowl pox" was used for poxvirus infections in turkeys, chickens and other birds; however, the broader term avian pox is now preferred because fowl poxvirus has been designated as a specific strain of avian poxvirus. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | USDA Handbook #654 "Silvics of North America" describes the silvical characteristics of about 200 conifers and hardwood trees in the conterminous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Individual articles were researched and written by knowledgeable Forest Service, university, and cooperating scientists. They were reviewed by their counterparts in research and academia. The project took 10 years to complete. The revised manual retains all of the essential material from the original publication, plus new information accumulated over the past quarter of a century. It promises to serve as a useful reference and teaching tool for researchers, educators, and practicing foresters both within the United States and abroad. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Histomoniasis is caused by a protozoan parasite named Histomonas meleagridis. Often called blackhead disease, histomoniasis primarily affects gallinaceous birds (chickens, grouse, partridge, peafowl, pheasants, quail, turkeys). The old name "blackhead disease" is a misnomer because the heads of birds infected with histomoniasis do not turn black. Despite the limited number of confirmed reports, histomoniasis is an important disease of wild turkeys. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Foraging wildlife can inflict severe damage to forest resources. Any tree is susceptible to attack. However, seedlings are the most vulnerable. Reforestation after a timber harvest or forest fire is often impeded by foraging herbivores. Seedlings are clipped or gnawed by rodents and the foliage is stripped by browsing ungulates. The resultant damage can be lethal or can impair growth rates and induce deformities. Animals also girdle established trees to feed on sapwood. Complete girdling is lethal, while partial girdling slows growth rates and provides avenues for subsequent insect or disease infestations. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Set for Sept. 28, 2000, the field day has something for everyone; whether you're a forest landowner or a wildlife enthusiast. Previously known as the Land Use and Forest Management Field Day, the name and program have been changed to reflect the new and growing trend of landowners using their valuable land to maximize all aspects of the natural environment. This includes growing trees and crops together and allowing wildlife to flourish on the same property. For hunters, the field day will offer information on quality management of deer, wild turkey and bobwhite quail. For wildlife enthusiasts, there will be information on the benefits of attracting wildlife, creating a backyard habitat, controlling wildlife damage and managing threatened or endangered species. Forest landowners will benefit from the information on prescribed burning, forest health, marketing and selling timber, Georgia’s Forest Stewardship Program, best management practices for forest roads and annual pinestraw removal. Those with wetlands on their property will want to attend the sessions on pond construction and renovation, waterfowl management and best management practices for streamsides. Chuck Leavell, 1998 American Tree Farm Program’s Outstanding Tree Farmer and keyboardist for the Rolling Stones, will be guest speaker for the field day. Entertainment will also be provided as well as lunch and field day caps to the first 300 registrants! | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The figure below shows general categories of forest habitats and a small selection of the animals closely associated with these forest age classes. Many wildlife species require forest habitats of different ages for their needs depending upon the time of year. Proper forest management will provide all of these needs within close proximity to each other, allowing wildlife populations to survive. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Management Bulletin #R8-MB 73 The red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW) was listed as endangered in 1970. The Forest Service has been actively involved in RCW managment since 1975, and management has evloved with better knowledge of the RCW's biology and habitat needs. In spite of management efforts many small populations continue to decline. The relaization of these declines, in conjunction with a precedent set by litigation on the National Forests in Texas, prompted the Regional Forester's decision in 1989 to develop a more comprehensive management strategy for the RCW. Appendix B of this document contains a detailed chronology of past RCW management and events which have affected that management. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Forestry Report RB-FR5 Foresters have a unique opportunity to help meet the habitat needs of wildlife species using forest habitat. The more than 200 million acres of commercial forest land in the South are constantly being treated silviculturally by harvest and improvement cuts, prescribed burning, site preparation, planting, and other treatments. Conservatively, 10 to 15 percent of this area (20 to 30 million acres) is estimated to be treated in some form each year. The purpose of this publication is to help improve foresters' knowledge and ability to discern specific wildlife use of these forests and dependence upon them. This increased awareness should help foresters coordinate recommended treatments to protect and enhance specific wildlife habitat objectives. The following 10 chapters on observable signs and activities of selected wildlife in the South are written by various authors, who have freely shared knowledge gained from long years of study and experience in wildlife management and research. Readers who use the authors' insights should achieve improved consideration for wildlife in silvicultural plans, prescriptions and practices. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Contains information on: Engdangered Species; Eastern Gray Squirrel; White-tailed Deer; Songbirds; Wild Turkey; Wood Duck; Cottontail Rabbit; Bobwhite Quail; Ruffed Grouse; Black Bear; Raccoon; Mourning Dove; Wildlife Terms; Snags and Downed Logs; Managing Edges for Wildlife; Building Songbird Boxes; Woodland Wildlife Nest Boxes; Low-Cost Habitat Improvements; Pools for Amphibians; Hummingbirds and Butterflies; Bats; Owls; Managing Beaver Ponds; Herbaceous Plants for Wildlife; SIP Wildlife Opportunities; | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Management Bulletin R8-MB 73 This volume contains complete copies of comment letters received on the Draft EIS, and Forest Service responses to them. There were 212 comment letters received within the comment period that ended on March 25, 1994. Each of these is reproduced along with a Forest Service response. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | In 1985, the U.S. Congress mandated a program commonly called the Caribbean Initiative. To fulfill their portion of this Initiative, the USDA Forest Service developed a “Program for Tropical Forestry in Latin America and the Caribbean.” This document is part of the Forest Service program, and it was funded by the legislation for the Caribbean Initiative. This document is based on an extensive survey (nearly 3,000 documents) of the world literature pertaining to Latin American woods and their use. It contains a discussion of the resource, the literature, the state of the knowledge, and the state of the art in actual practice, by primary and secondary processing and by product areas within the processing options. A discussion about new initiatives and programs that are needed in research, technology transfer, and training is included. In addition, lists of references, the bibliography, and the limited lists of the tree species are discussed in the literature. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The material in this volume, and that in volume 2, documents the forestry opportunities for mitigating the buildup of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that have been taking place and of adapting to any associated future changes in climate. This is the area of expertise of the editors and authors. The following material on climate change, which has been extracted from the literature, is simply offered as background material. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | As a result of design, operation, and maintenance, sawblades used in tropical sawmills can cause many problems. Improvements in these areas are needed to reduce the waste associated with sawing of tropical species that are regarded as difficult to cut. In this study, cutting experiments that simulated bandsawing of tropical hardwoods showed the effect of chip thickness, moisture content, and edge condition on the forces acting on the sawtooth. Forces were measured in three directions: parallel, normal, and lateral to the cut. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Global change-it sounds ominous. And perhaps it should. Human impacts on the environment are more and snore in the news. People are concerned about many environmental issues-air pollution, the greenhouse effect, and ozone-layer depletion, to name just a few. The phrase “global change" encompasses all these issues. Those of us who care about America's forests need to know more about global change and its implications for forest protection, conservation, and management. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Contents: Editorial; J. Anderson and J. Farrington - Forestry extension: facing the challenges of today and tomorrow ; T. Enters and J. Hagmann - Oneway, twoway, which way? Extension workers: from messengers to facilitators; PH. May and M. Pastuk - Tropical forest management options, social diversity and extension in eastern Amazonia; M. Kane - Footballs, almond blossoms and blue chickens: forestry extension with rural women in Pakistan; J.B. Nikiema - Testing forestry extension materials in Burkina Faso; C.R. McKinley, J.R. Sidebottom and J.H. Owen - The process of forestry extension education: speciality tree production in North Carolina, United States; S.K. Datta and M. Ray - Government forest service training in India: recommendations for change; S.A. Dembner and J. Anderson - Towards forestry information dissemination and communication strategies: new partners, priorities and technologies; D. Henderson and L. Krahl - Public management of federal forest land in the United States; World of forestry ; | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | CONTENTS: Jones, G. "Looks Matter - The Importance of Logging Aesthetics"; Miles, B. "'Crooks in the Woods' Texas Style"; "New Lease on Life for Wisconsin Lookout"; Siegel, W. "Replanting and the IRS"; The Readers Respond; Forestry Commentary; Late Breaking News From Washington, D.C.; Conservation News Digest; Forestry Quotes of the Quarter; Reviews; 'And Then Some' Tribute to Landowners; Quarterly Report of the Forest Fire Lookout Assoc.; National Historic Lookout Register; News From the Regions; National Directory of Consulting Foresters | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | In this issue: The breeding bird community of Balrath Wood, Co. Meath, 1996: A preliminary investigation - Brian L. Duffy, John O'Halloran, Thomas C. Kelly and Paul M. Walsh; Family variation of biomass and root/shoot ratio in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) - K. Byers, G.J. Mayhead and S.J. Lee; The development of urban forestry in the Republic of Ireland - Mark Johnston; Forestry and the environment - a sustainable prospect - Fergal Mulloy | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The current work is a revision of "Bird-Habitat Relationships on Southeastern Forest Lands," co-authored with Harry E. LeGrand, Jr., Michael R. Lennartz, and Sidney A. Gauthreaux, Jr. It was fashioned from that work and a subsequent unpublished report I prepared for the Southern Region of the Forest Service in 1983. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to do extensive field work or to review the growing body of literature on bird habitat relationships in the South during the preparation of this work. Instead, this has been primarily a project of compiling data on the distribution of these species in states not included in the earlier work and preparing more recent maps. A new chapter on forest fragmentation is also included. This work is offered in the hope that it will assist land managers of all stripes to meet thier objectives and provide habitat for the full range of wildlife species in the process. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This lesson plan has been prepared to assist those who desire to lead others to a better understanding of this outstanding southern pine. It is based on research findings that have been validated by considerable field experience of many foresters across the South. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Forest management is the use of advanced silvicultural practices to increase the benefits society derives from a forest resource. These practices are based on a strong scientific foundation and optimize the gains from the total forest. Under intensive forest management, some areas are managed to maximize wildlife and water quality by encouraging certain species composition near streams. Other areas are managed to maximize yields of wood products by manipulating genetics, competing vegetation, and spacing of crop trees. This intensity allows the land to better support a growing population with fiber while at the same time maintaining the total vegetation closer to a natural setting than any other land use. Herbicides play an important role in intensive forest management. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Nonindustrial private forestland owners own approximately 70% of the southern United States forests. The general consensus in the forestry community is that these owners and their lands are critical to the future environmental and economic landscape. A key belief in forest management is that a managed forest is a healthy forest. The Woodland Management course is designed to help landowners better understand their forest and put into practice forest management techniques | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Forestry herbicides are a cost-effective tool for the control of undesirable vegetation in forest stands. They can be used by landowners in several ways to increase forest productivity. Forestry herbicides help prepare sites for tree planting by reducing unwanted vegetation and providing conditions for prescribed fire. They also reduce competition from herbaceous weeds so that newly planted trees are given a boost in survival or early growth. They may also be applied to improve the growth rates in established stands by selective removal of non-crop trees. The vast majority of herbicides are used for growing pines, although some are applied for herbaceous weed control and timber stand improvement in hardwood forests. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Streamside forests are crucial to the protection and enhancement of the water resources of the Eastern United States. They are extremely complex ecosystems that help provide optimum food and habitat for stream communities as well as being useful in mitigating or controlling nonpoint source pollution. Used as a component of an integrated management system including nutrient management and sediment and erosion control practices, streamside forests can produce a number of beneficial effects on the quality of water resources. Streamside forests can be effective in removing excess nutrients and sediment from surface runoff and shallow groundwater and in shading streams to optimize light and temperature conditions for aquatic plants and animals. Streamside forests also ameliorate the effects of some pesticides, and directly provide dissolved and particulate organic food needed to maintain high biological productivity and diversity in the associated stream. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | SS-FOR-10 Forest vegetation management is usually defined as the practice of controlling the growth of noncrop plant species so sunlight, moisture, and soil nutrients are channeled to trees that produce useable forest products. When other vegetation is not controlled, the growth of the stand of crop trees may be slowed. So, effective vegetation management increases the landowner's financial rewards in four possible ways. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Six papers and one slide talk describe problems associated with the large proportion of juvenile wood in plantationgrown southern pines. A research approach to solve the problems is outlined. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The Dean, Hibbsville, and Decatur bridges were constructed in southern Iowa during 1994. Each bridge is a simplespan, stresslaminated deck superstructure, approximately 7.3 m (24 ft) long, constructed from eastern cottonwood lumber. The performance of each bridge was monitored for approximately 2 years, beginning shortly after installation. Monitoring involved collecting and evaluating data pertaining to the moisture content and vertical creep of the wood decks, the force level of the stressing bars, and the behavior of the bridges under static load conditions. In addition, comprehensive visual inspections were conducted to assess the overall condition of the structure. Based on field evaluations, the bridges are performing well with minor serviceability deficiencies. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The Pueblo County 204B bridge was constructed in March 1990 in Pueblo, Colorado, as a demonstration bridge under the USDA Forest Service Timber Bridge Initiative. The stresslaminated deck superstructure is approximately 10 m long, 9 m wide, and 406 mm deep, with a skew of 10 degrees. Performance monitoring was conducted for 3 years, beginning at installation, and involved gathering data on the moisture content of the wood deck, the force level of the stressing bars, the behavior of the bridge under static load conditions, and the overall condition of the structure. In addition, longterm performance data were gathered on the force level of the stressing bars 6 years after installation. Based on monitoring evaluations, the bridge is performing well, with some crushing of the bearing plates into the outside laminations but no other structural or serviceability deficiencies. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The North Siwell Road bridge was constructed during December 1994 in Hinds County, Mississippi. The bridge is a single-span, stress-laminated Tbeam structure that measures 9.1 m (30 ft) long and 8.7 m (28.5 ft) wide. Performance of the bridge was monitored for 24 months, beginning at the time of installation. Monitoring involved gathering and evaluating data relative to the moisture content of the wood components, force level of stressing bars, and behavior of the bridge under static load conditions. In addition, comprehensive visual inspections were conducted to assess the overall condition of the structure. Based on field evaluations, the bridge is performing well. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | In September 1989, the Ciphers bridge was constructed within the Beltrami Island State Forest in Roseau County, Minnesota. The bridge superstructure is a two-span continuous stress-laminated deck that is approximately 12.19 m long, 5.49 m wide, and 305 mm deep (40 ft long, 18 ft wide, and 12 in. deep). The bridge is one of the first to utilize red pine sawn lumber for a stress-laminated deck application. The performance of the bridge was monitored continuously for 24 months beginning July 1993, approximately 46 months after installation. Performance monitoring involved evaluating data relative to the moisture content of the wood deck, the force level of stressing bars, and the behavior of the bridge under static load conditions. In addition, temperatures were collected from the bridge superstructure and ambient air. Based on field evaluations, the Ciphers bridge is performing satisfactorily with no structural or serviceability deficiencies. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This report lists wood-based panel industry plant locations, production capacities, timber inventories, and wood costs for 24 U.S. states. Industry sectors covered include medium-density fiberboard, particleboard, softwood plywood, and oriented strandboard. Maps of major forest producing states show plant locations and the underlying density of timber stocking by county. The study relates physical measures of timber availability to market measures of timber scarcity and draws inferences about the potential of selected states to increase timber output at their present rate of forest productivity. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Aspen (Populus gradidentata) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) flakes were prepared with tangential-grain and radialgrain faces on a laboratory disk flaker. These were gently dried in a steam-heated rotary drum dryer. Approximately 1 week after drying, surface wettability was measured on a large sample of flakes using an aqueous dye solution. Three replicate boards of each combination of flake species and face grain were then fabricated. Each of the three replicate boards was made with a different adhesive resin. The three adhesives were urea-formaldehyde, phenolic, and neat isocyanate. The procedure (wettability measurements and board fabrication) was repeated at 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months after flake preparation. Surface wettabilities were reduced as the flake surfaces aged. Tension strengths of boards perpendicular to their faces (internal bond strengths) were also reduced as flake surfaces aged, and reductions in internal bond strengths and surface wettabilities appear to be related. Bending properties were, in general, not influenced by flake age. The observed reductions in internal bond strengths suggest that laboratory storage of flakes for much longer than 6 months is not a good practice. However, no conclusive statements can be drawn from this work concerning the influence of flake aging on board properties. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | In 1991, the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) formed a joint cooperative research program for wood transportation structures. Development and execution of this program was based on a national assessment of research needs and priorities. In the 5 years since completion of the research needs assessment, significant research has been completed or is ongoing for wood transportation structures. This publication provides a summary of the research accomplishments of the joint FPL-FHWA research program for wood transportation structures. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | With relative humidity and temperature data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the average equilibrium moisture content for each month of the year was calculated for 262 locations in the United States and 122 locations outside the United States. As an aid for storage of kiln-dried lumber, a graph is presented for determining the reduction in equilibrium moisture content that results from heating air in an enclosed storage space above the temperature of the outside air. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | The idea for this publication came from a visit to the College of Forest Resources at North Carolina State University by Mr. Jack O'Brien, editor of Paper Age magazine. Jack was quite familiar with the pulp and paper science and technology programs at N.C. State, but he had not had a chance to be exposed to the forestry-related activities. He visited faculty and laboratories dealing with forest soils, molecular biology and genomic sciences, tree improvement, hardwood research, remote sensing and GIS, and many others. He learned of the strong support that the paper industry has provided for these programs for over 50 years. As we toured the facilities, the idea emerged for a series of articles in Paper Age that would summarize for industry some of the key lessons our faculty members have learned as they have worked on new ideas and technologies for increasing the fiber supply for the industry. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This publication presents the findings of an annual 100-percent canvass of pulpmills that draw roundwood or wood residues from 12 Southern States (fig. 1). Canvass data are compiled and analyzed on an alternating basis by personnel from the Southern and Southeastern Forest Experiment Stations. Production figures are reported in standard cords. Data from mills reporting nonstandard units were converted to cords using regional conversion factors. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Resource Bulletin SRS-3 This publication contains historical pulpwood production data derived from canvasses of wood-using pulpmills that have drawn roundwood or wood residues from the 12 Southern States (fig. 1). These canvasses have been conducted annually for the last 41 years. The pulpwood canvass data were compiled, analyzed, and reported on an alternating basis by personnel from the USDA Forest Service, Southern and Southeastern Forest Experiment Stations (now combined into the Southern Research Station). The canvasses were conducted to determine the amount and source of pulpwood receipts by county and to determine interstate and cross-regional movement of industrial roundwood. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | This annual publication presents the findings of a 100-percent canvass of wood using pulpmills that draw roundwood or wood residues from the 12 Southern States from Virginia to Texas (fig. 1). Canvass data are compiled annually and analyzed by the Southern Research Station. Of the total 102 mills canvassed, 92 responded. Past canvass data and other sources of information were used for mills that did not respond. All production figures are reported in cords. Mill data reported in nonstandard units are converted to standard cords with regional conversion factors. | |
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Print Publication | 07/30/2003 | Resource Bulletin SRS-1 This annual publication presents the findings of a 100-percent canvass of pulpmills that draw roundwood or wood residues from the 13 Southern States. Kentucky, formerly in the Northeastern region, was added to the Southern region in 1994. For comparison purposes, Kentucky's pulpwood production and mill data for 1993, and preceding years where applicable, has been added to the 12 Southern States' production and mill data. Canvass data are compiled, analyzed, and reported annually by the Southern Research Station. Ninety-eight of the 104 mills canvassed responded. Past canvass data and other sources of informa |